CT-generated porous hydroxyapatite orbital floor prosthesis as a prototype bioimplant. Rapid prototyping of scaffolds derived from thermoreversible hydrogels and tailored for applications in tissue engineering. Landers, R., Hubner, U., Schmelzeisen, R. Multi-nozzle deposition for construction of 3D biopolymer tissue scaffolds. Mechanical properties and cell cultural response of polycaprolactone scaffolds designed and fabricated via fused deposition modeling. Mechanical properties of dense polylactic acid structures fabricated by three dimensional printing. Soft and hard tissue response to photocrosslinked poly(propylene fumarate) scaffolds in a rabbit model. Rapid prototyping of tissue-engineering constructs, using photopolymerizable hydrogels and stereolithography. Use of stereolithography to manufacture critical-sized 3D biodegradable scaffolds for bone ingrowth. Innovative tissue engineering structures through advanced manufacturing technologies. Development of tissue scaffolds using selective laser sintering of polyvinyl alcohol/hydroxyapatite biocomposite for craniofacial and joint defects. Manufacturing and characterization of 3-d hydroxyapatite bone tissue engineering scaffolds. Processing and characterization of porous alumina scaffolds. Rapid prototyping in tissue engineering: challenges and potential. Making scaffolds work: a review on the application of solid freeform fabrication technology to the production of tissue engineering scaffolds. Solid freeform fabrication of three-dimensional scaffolds for engineering replacement tissues and organs. Scaffold-based tissue engineering: rationale for computer-aided design and solid free-form fabrication systems. Interbody fusion cage design using integrated global layout and local microstructure topology optimization. Materials with prescribed constitutive parameters – an inverse homogenization problem. Characterization of the mechanical behaviors of solid-fluid mixture by the homogenization method. Homogenization theory and digital imaging: a basis for studying the mechanics and design principles of bone tissue. Homogenization Techniques for Composite Media (Springer, Berlin, 1987). The design of scaffolds for use in tissue engineering. Trabecular bone scaffolding using a biomimetic approach. Van Cleyenbreugel, T., Van Oosterwyck, H., Vander Sloten J. Automatic algorithm for generating complex polyhedral scaffold structures for tissue engineering. Computer-aided characterization for effective mechanical properties of porous tissue scaffolds. Computer-aided tissue engineering: overview, scope and challenges. Computer-aided tissue engineering: application to biomimetic modelling and design of tissue scaffolds. A novel method for biomaterial scaffold internal architecture design to match bone elastic properties with desired porosity. Optimal design and fabrication of scaffolds to mimic tissue properties and satisfy biological constraints. An image-based approach for designing and manufacturing craniofacial scaffolds. Random Heterogenous Materials: Microstructure and Macroscopic Properties (Springer, New York, 2002). A variational approach to the theory of the elastic behavior of multiphase materials. Tissue engineering via local gene delivery. Cell-based tissue engineering therapies: the influence of whole body physiology. Stem cell bioengineering for regenerative medicine. Repairing holes in the head: a history of cranioplasty. Finally, future directions are suggested for using designer scaffolds with in vivo experimentation to optimize tissue-engineering treatments, and coupling designer scaffolds with cell printing to create designer material/biofactor hybrids. It also details the mechanical properties and tissue regeneration achieved using designer scaffolds. This paper reviews the integration of CTD with SFF to build designer tissue-engineering scaffolds. Recent advances in both computational topology design (CTD) and solid free-form fabrication (SFF) have made it possible to create scaffolds with controlled architecture. Little is known quantitatively about this balance as early scaffolds were not fabricated with precise porous architecture. This new paradigm requires scaffolds that balance temporary mechanical function with mass transport to aid biological delivery and tissue regeneration. A paradigm shift is taking place in medicine from using synthetic implants and tissue grafts to a tissue engineering approach that uses degradable porous material scaffolds integrated with biological cells or molecules to regenerate tissues.
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